Is Ishmael Mentioned Again After Abraham Sends Him Away

Prophet and figure in the Abrahamic religions

Ishmael
A depiction of Hagar and her son Ishmael in the desert, by François-Joseph Navez 1819.
Prophet, Patriarch, Campaigner to Arabia, Begetter of the Arabians
Venerated in	Judaism Christianity Islam Baháʼí Faith
Influences	Abraham
Influenced	Ishmaelites and Muslims

Ishmael ^[a] was the first son of Abraham, the mutual patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, and is venerated past Muslims as a prophet. His mother was Egyptian Hagar (Genesis 16:3). According to the Genesis account, he died at the age of 137 (Genesis 25:17).

Jewish, Christian and Islamic traditions consider Ishmael to exist the ancestor of the Ishmaelites (Hagarenes or Arabians) and patriarch of Qaydār. According to Muslim tradition, in which he is regarded as an ancestor of Muhammad,^[ane] Ishmael thereby founded a great nation as promised by God in the Old Testament,^{[2] [iii]} and was buried with his mother Hagar (Hājar) next to the Kaaba in Mecca, under the surface area demarcated by the semi-circular Hijr Ismail wall.^[four]

Etymology [edit]

The proper name "Yishma'el" existed in various ancient Semitic cultures,^[5] including early on Babylonian and Minæan.^[six] Information technology is a theophoric proper noun translated literally as "God (El) has hearkened", suggesting that "a child so named was regarded equally the fulfillment of a divine promise".^[5]

Genesis narrative [edit]

The Genesis narrative sees the account of Ishmael's life take identify through capacity xvi, 17, 21 and 25.

Birth [edit]

In Genesis xvi, the birth of Ishmael was planned by the Patriarch Abraham's offset wife, who at that fourth dimension was known as Sarai. She and her married man Abram (Abraham) sought a way to have children in society to fulfill the Abrahamic covenant that was established in Genesis xv. Sarai was 75 years old and had even so to bear a child. She had the thought to offer her Egyptian handmaiden Hagar to her husband and so that they could take a child by her. Abraham took Hagar as his married woman and conceived a kid with her.^[7]

Hagar began to show contempt for Sarah, who responded by treating her harshly. Hagar then fled into the desert region between Abraham's settlement and Shur. Genesis 16:7–16 describes the naming of Ishmael, and God's hope to Hagar concerning Ishmael and his descendants. This occurred at the well of Beer-lahai-roi, where Hagar encountered the Angel of the Lord, who said to her "Behold, you are with child / And shall bear a son; / You lot shall call him Ishmael, / For the Lord has paid heed to your suffering."^[8] The Angel allowable Hagar, "Return to your mistress [Sarai] and submit to her."

Abraham was blessed and so that his descendants would be equally numerous every bit the dust of the earth. God would make of Ishmael a peachy nation because he was of the seed of Abraham. Still, God told Hagar that her son would exist living in disharmonize with his relatives. When Ishmael was born, Abraham was 86 years erstwhile.

Inheritance, rights and the kickoff circumcision [edit]

When he was 13 years old, Ishmael was circumcised at the same time as all other males in Abraham'south household, becoming a part of the covenant in a mass circumcision. His male parent Abram, given the new name "Abraham", and then 99, was circumcised along with the others (Genesis 17).

At the time of the covenant, God informed Abraham that his wife Sarah would give birth to a son, whom he was instructed to name Isaac. God told Abraham that He would found his covenant through Isaac, and when Abraham inquired as to Ishmael'southward office, God answered that Ishmael has been blessed and that he "will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he afford, and I volition make him a bang-up nation." (Genesis 17). God too mentioned that "He will be a wild ass of a human, His mitt will exist over (against) everyone, And anybody'south paw will be against him; And he volition live in the presence of his brethren."(Genesis 16).

A year later, Ishmael's half-brother Isaac was born to Abraham by his get-go married woman Sarah when she was 90 years one-time (Genesis 17:17), after she had ceased showing any signs of fertility (Genesis 18:11).

On the day of feasting during which Abraham celebrated the weaning of Isaac, Ishmael was "mocking" or "playing with" Isaac (the Hebrew word מְצַחֵֽק , "meṣaḥeq" is ambiguous)^[9] and Sarah asked Abraham to expel Ishmael and his mother, saying: "Get rid of that slave woman and her son, for that slave woman'southward son volition never share in the inheritance with my son Isaac."^{[10] [11]} Her demand was painful for Abraham, who loved Ishmael. Abraham agreed but after God told him that "in Isaac your seed shall be chosen", and that God would "make a nation of the son of the bondwoman" Ishmael, since he was a descendant of Abraham (Genesis 21:11–13), God having previously told Abraham "I will institute My covenant with [Isaac]", while also making promises concerning the Ishmaelite nation (Genesis 17:18–21).

At the age of 14, Ishmael was freed forth with his female parent. The Lord's covenant made clear Ishmael was not to inherit Abraham's business firm and that Isaac would be the seed of the covenant: "Accept your son, your only son, whom you love and go to the region of Moriah." (Genesis 22:two–8) Abraham gave Ishmael and his mother a supply of bread and water and sent them away. Hagar entered in the wilderness of Beer-sheba where the 2 soon ran out of water and Hagar, not wanting to witness the death of her son, set the boy some distance away from herself, and wept. "And God heard the vocalism of the lad" and sent his angel to tell Hagar, "Arise, lift up the lad, and hold him in thine hand; for I will make him a dandy nation." And God "opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water", from which she drew to save Ishmael's life and her own. "And God was with the lad; and he grew, and dwelt in the wilderness, and became an archer." (Genesis 21:14–21)

Descendants [edit]

After roaming the wilderness for some time, Ishmael and his female parent settled in the Desert of Paran, where he became an adept in archery. Somewhen, his mother establish him a wife from the land of Arab republic of egypt.^[12] They had twelve sons each of whom became a tribal principal in one of the regions from Havilah to Shur (from Assyria to the border of Egypt).^[xiii] His sons:^[fourteen]

1. Nebaioth ( נְבָיוֹת Nəḇāyōṯ)
2. Kedar ( קֵדָר Qēḏār), begetter of the Qedarites, a northern Arab tribe that controlled the area between the Western farsi Gulf and the Sinai Peninsula. Co-ordinate to tradition, he is the ancestor of the Quraysh tribe, and thus, ancestor of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.^[fifteen]
3. Adbeel ( אַדְבְּאֵל ʾAḏbəʾēl)
4. Mibsam ( מִבְשָֽׂם Mīḇsām)
5. Mishma ( מִשְׁמָע Mīšmāʿ ‍)
6. Dumah ( דוּמָה Ḏūmā)
7. Massa ( מַשָּֽׂא Massāʾ ‍)
8. Hadad ( חֲדַד Ḥăḏaḏ)
9. Tema ( תֵימָא Ṯēmāʾ ‍)
10. Jetur ( יְטוּר Yəṭūr)
11. Naphish ( נָפִישׁ Nāfīš)
12. Kedemah ( קֵדְמָה Qēḏəmā)

Ishmael also had one known daughter, Mahalath or Basemath, the third wife of Esau.^[16]

Ishmael appeared with Isaac at the burial of Abraham.^[17] Ishmael died at the age of 137.^[18]

Family tree [edit]

Family of Ishmael

Noah Shem Arpachshad Salah Eber Peleg Reu Serug Nahor Terah Sarah Abraham Hagar Nahor Ii Haran Milcah Lot Iscah Ishmael 7 sons Bethuel 1st daughter 2nd daughter Isaac Rebecca Laban Moabites Ammonites Jacob one. Nebaioth 2. Kedar 3. Adbeel four. Mibsam 5. Mishma half-dozen. Dumah 7. Massa eight. Hadar 9. Tema ten. Jetur 11. Naphish 12. Kedemah Esau Adah Aholibamah Mahalath/Basemath Reuel Jeush Jaalam Korah Eliphaz

Earth views [edit]

Historians and academics in the field of source criticism believe that the stories of Ishmael belong to the three strata of J, or Yahwist source, the P, or Priestly source, and the East, or Elohist source (Run into Documentary hypothesis).^[6] For example, the narration in Genesis 16 is of J type and the narration in Genesis 21:8–21 is of East type.^[19] Genesis 25 would accept been added during the Persian Menstruum past the Priestly source, who attributed the known Ishmaelite (Shumu'ilu) Tribes as the names of the sons of Ishmael, although the narrative and name of Ishmael himself preceded this.^[twenty]

Jewish and Islamic traditions consider Ishmael to exist the ancestor of Arabians.^[21]

Pre-Islamic Arabia [edit]

Some Pre-Islamic poetry mentions Ishmael, his father Abraham, and a sacrifice story, such equally the Pre-Islamic poet "Umayyah Ibn Abi As-Salt", who said in one of his poems: بكره لم يكن ليصبر عنه أو يراه في معشر أقتال ([The sacrifice] of his first-born of whose separation he [Abraham] could not behave neither could he see him surrounded in foes).^{[22] [23] [24]}

Zayd ibn Amr was another Pre-Islamic figure who refused idolatry and preached monotheism, challenge it was the original belief of their [Arabs] begetter Ishmael.^{[25] [26]}

Besides, some of the tribes of Central West Arabia called themselves the "people of Abraham and the offspring of Ishmael", as evidenced past a common opening of speeches and harangues of reconciliation betwixt rival tribes in that area.^{[27] [28]}

Judaism [edit]

In Judaism, Ishmael was inclined towards many things Abraham considered wicked. Ishmael even prayed to idols when he believed himself unobserved,^[29] although this narrative is non in the Torah. Co-ordinate to the Book of Genesis, in the Hebrew Bible, Isaac rather than Ishmael was the true heir of the Abrahamic tradition and covenant, while at the same fourth dimension being blessed by God with a great nation.^[30]

In Samaritan Torah version, Ishmael was described in Book of Genesis 16 as a 'fertile of man' instead of a 'wild donkey of a man' as suggested in Masoretic Pentateuch which commonly used as standard version of Hebrew Bible in Jewish community.^[31]

In some traditions Ishmael is said to have had two wives, ane of them named Aisha.^{[32] [33]} This name corresponds to the Muslim tradition for the proper name of Muhammad'south married woman.^[v] This is understood as a metaphoric representation of the Muslim world (outset Arabs and and so Turks) with Ishmael.^{[34] [35]}

Rabbinical commentators in the Midrash Genesis Rabbah also say that Ishmael's mother Hagar was the Pharaoh's daughter, making Ishmael the Pharaoh'south grandson. This could be why Genesis 17:20 refers to Ishmael equally the father of 12 mighty princes. Co-ordinate to Genesis 21:21, Hagar married Ishmael to an Egyptian woman, and if Rabbinical commentators are correct that Hagar was the Pharaoh'southward daughter, his marriage to a woman she selected could explain how and why his sons became princes.

According to other Jewish commentators, Ishmael'south mother Hagar is identified with Keturah, the woman Abraham sought out and married later on Sarah's death. It is suggested that Keturah was Hagar's personal name, and that "Hagar" was a descriptive label meaning "stranger".^{[36] [37] [38]} This estimation is discussed in the Midrash^[39] and is supported by Rashi, Gur Aryeh, Keli Yakar, and Obadiah of Bertinoro. Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Itzhaki) argues that "Keturah" was a name given to Hagar because her deeds were as beautiful as incense (Hebrew, ketoret), and that she remained chaste (literally "tied her opening", with the verb tied in Aramaic being one thousand-t-r) from the time she was separated from Abraham.

It is also said that Sarah was motivated by Ishmael's sexually frivolous means considering of the reference to his "making merry" (Gen. 21:ix), a translation of the Hebrew word "Mitzachek". This was developed into a reference to idolatry, sexual immorality or even murder; some rabbinic sources merits that Sarah worried that Ishmael would negatively influence Isaac, or that he would need Isaac'due south inheritance on the grounds of being the firstborn. Regarding the word "Mitzachek" (over again in Gen. 21:nine) The Jewish Written report Bible past Oxford University Press says this give-and-take in this particular context is associated with "Playing is another pun on Isaac'due south name (cf. 17.17; 18.12; 19.xiv; 26.8). Ishmael was 'Isaacing', or 'taking Isaac's identify'."^[40] Others have a more than positive view, emphasizing Hagar's piety, noting that she was "the one who had sat by the well and besought him who is the life of the worlds, saying 'look upon my misery'".^[41]

Christianity [edit]

In the book of Galatians (4:21–31), Paul uses the incident to symbolize the two covenants the sometime just fulfilled and new covenant which is universal by promise through Jesus Christ.^[v] In Galatians 4:28–31,^[42] Hagar is associated with the Sinai covenant, while Sarah is associated with the covenant of grace into which her son Isaac enters.^[43]

Some Christians believe that God fulfills his promises to Ishmael today by blessing the Ishmaelites with oil^[44] and political forcefulness.^[45]

Islam [edit]

Ishmael (Arabic:إسماعيل Ismāʿēl) is recognized as an important prophet and patriarch of Islam. Like Christians and Jews, Muslims believe that Ishmael was the firstborn of Abraham, born to him from his married woman Sarah's slave, Hagar.^[46] Ishmael is recognized by Muslims equally the antecedent of several northern prominent Arab tribes and the forefather of Adnan, the ancestor of Muhammad.^[1] Muslims also believe that Muhammad was the descendant of Ishmael who would constitute a great nation.

Ishmael in the Quran [edit]

Ishmael is mentioned over x times in the Quran,^{[47] [48]} often alongside other patriarchs and prophets of ancient times. He is mentioned together with Elisha and Dhul-Kifl equally 1 of "the patiently enduring and righteous, whom God acquired to enter into his mercy."^[49] It is besides said of Lot, Elisha, Jonah and Ishmael, that God gave each one "preference above the worlds".^[l] These references to Ishmael are, in each case, role of a larger context in which other holy prophets are mentioned. In other chapters of the Quran, however, which engagement from the Medina period, Ishmael is mentioned closely with his begetter Abraham: Ishmael stands alongside Abraham in their attempt to set the Kaaba in Mecca as a place of monotheistic pilgrimage^[51] and Abraham thanks God for granting him Ishmael and Isaac in his old age.^[52] Ishmael is further mentioned alongside the patriarchs who had been given revelations^[53] and Jacob's sons promised to follow the religion of their forefathers, "Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac", when testifying their religion.^[54] In the Quranic narrative of the almost-sacrifice of Abraham'south son,^[55] the son is non named and, although the general interpretation is that it was Ishmael, Tabari^[56] maintained that it was Isaac, consistent with the Hebrew scriptures. Virtually modern commentators, however, regard the son's identification equally least of import in a narrative given for its moral lesson.^[57]

Ishmael in Muslim literature [edit]

Abraham sacrificing his son, Ishmael; and Abraham cast into burn by Nimrod. A miniature in the 16th-century Ottoman Turkish manuscript Zubdat Al-Tawarikh.

The commentaries on the Quran and the numerous collections of Stories of the Prophets mankind out the Islamic perspective of Ishmael and particular what they describe as his integral function in setting up the Kaaba. According to Muslim tradition, Ishmael was buried at the Hijr near the Kaaba, inside the Sacred Mosque.^[58]

In Islamic belief, Abraham prayed to God for a son and God heard his prayer. Muslim exegesis states that Sarah asked Abraham to marry her Egyptian handmaiden Hagar because she herself was barren.^[1] Hagar soon bore Ishmael, who was the outset son of Abraham. God then instructed Abraham to have Hagar and Ishmael to the desert and exit them there. He did and so, taking them to the location of the Kaaba's foundations (which now was in ruins) and as he turned away from Hagar and started to walk abroad she called out to him and asked "Why are y'all leaving us here?", to which Abraham didn't answer the commencement two times she asked. She then changed her question and asked "Did God control yous to do this?" to which Abraham stopped, turned effectually, looked back and replied "Yes." She responded, "Then God will provide for the states." Abraham so continued on his journeying back to Sarah. In the desert, the baby Ishmael cried with thirst.^[1] His mother placed him in the shade under a bush and went on a frantic search for water, which resulted in her running seven times betwixt the Safa and Marwah hills trying to find a source of water or a passing caravan she could trade with for water. Hagar, not finding whatsoever sources of water and fearing the expiry of her baby, sabbatum downwardly and cried request for God'due south help. God sent angel Gabriel to her informing her to lift up her babe and when she did, she noticed that his feet had scratched the ground allowing a spring of water to bubble up to the surface. Hagar quickly shifted the ground to form a well around the spring to comprise the water, forming the Zamzam well. Hagar refilled the bottle with h2o and gave her baby a potable. This spring became known to caravans that traveled through Arabia and Hagar negotiated deals with them for supplies in exchange for the h2o. From her actions, the city of Mecca (originally Becca or Baca in Hebrew) grew, and attracted settlers who stayed and provided protection for her and Ishmael also as existence sources of various appurtenances brought in and exchanged with visiting caravans. To commemorate the approval of the Zamzam well God gave to Hagar and Ishmael, Muslims run between the Safa and Marwah hills retracing Hagar's steps during the rites of Hajj.^[1]

Abraham returned and visited Ishmael at various times throughout his life. At i fourth dimension, according to a tradition of Muhammad, Abraham had arrived when his son was out and Abraham visited with Ishmael'south wife. Abraham decided to get out before seeing his son, but based upon the complaints Ishmael's wife made in response to his questions, he gave her a bulletin to requite to her hubby when he returned dwelling, which was "modify his threshold." When Ishmael arrived that night, he asked if they had had any visitors, and was informed past his wife of the man who had visited and what he said. Ishmael understood his father and explained to his wife that the company was his male parent and he had been instructed to divorce his wife and detect a better i, which Ishmael did. Some time after this, Abraham returned to visit Ishmael and once again Ishmael was out. Abraham talked with Ishmael's new wife and institute her answers indicated faith in God and contentment with her husband. Abraham again had to leave before he saw his son, but left him the message to "keep his threshold." When Ishmael returned that dark, he again asked if there had been whatsoever visitors and was informed of Abraham's visit. Ishmael told his wife who information technology was that had come to visit and that he approved of her and their wedlock.

On one of his visits to Mecca, Abraham is said to have asked his son to help him build the requested Kaaba.^[59] Islamic traditions hold that the Kaaba was first congenital by Adam and that Abraham and Ishmael rebuilt the Kaaba on the former foundations.^[sixty] Every bit Ishmael grew upward in Arabia, he is said to take get fluent in Arabic. In the genealogical trees that the early on scholars drew,^[61] Ishmael was considered the antecedent of the Northern Arabs and Muhammad was linked to him through the lineage of the patriarch Adnan.

Bahá'í Faith [edit]

The scriptures of the Baháʼí Faith state that it was Ishmael, and non Isaac, who was the son Abraham about sacrificed.^[62] But they also state that the name is unimportant as either could be used: the importance is that both were symbols of sacrifice.^[63] According to Shoghi Effendi, there has also been another Ishmael, a prophet of Israel, unremarkably known as Samuel.^[64]

See also [edit]

• Abraham
• Biblical narratives and the Qur'an
• Isaac
• Legends and the Qur'an
• Listing of names referring to El
• Prophets of Islam
• Stories of The Prophets

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Hebrew: יִשְׁמָעֵאל‎‎, Mod: Yīšma'ēl , Tiberian: Yīšmāʿēʾl , "God hears"; Greek: Ἰσμαήλ Ismaḗl; Classical/Qur'anic Arabic: إِسْمَٰعِيْل; Modern Standard Arabic: إِسْمَاعِيْل ʾIsmāʿīl; Latin: Ismael

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} A–Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Wheeler, Ishmael
2. ^ Genesis 17:20
3. ^ Zeep, Ira M. (2000). A Muslim primer: beginner'south guide to Islam, Volume ii. University of Arkansas Press. p. 5. ISBN978-i-55728-595-9.
4. ^ Gibb, Hamilton A.R. and Kramers, J.H. (1965). Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam. Ithaca: Cornell University Printing. pp. 191–98.
5. ^ ^{a b c d} Fredrick E. Greenspahn (2005) [1987]. "Ishmael". In Lindsay Jones (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. vii. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 4551–52. ISBN9780028657400. ISHMAEL, or, in Hebrew, Yishmaʿeʾl; eldest son of Abraham. Ishmael'due south mother was Hagar, an Egyptian slave girl whom Sarah gave to Abraham because of her own infertility; in accordance with Mesopotamian law, the offspring of such a marriage would be credited to Sarah (Gn. 16:ii). The proper name Yishmaʿeʾl is known from diverse ancient Semitic cultures and ways 'God has hearkened,' suggesting that a kid so named was regarded as the fulfillment of a divine promise. Ishmael was circumcised at the age of 13 by Abraham and expelled with his mother at the instigation of Sarah, who wanted to ensure that Isaac would exist Abraham's heir (Gn. 21). In the New Testament, Paul uses this incident to symbolize the relationship betwixt Judaism, the older simply at present rejected tradition, and Christianity (Gal. iv:21–31). In the Genesis business relationship, God blessed Ishmael, promising that he would exist the founder of a not bad nation and a 'wild ass of a man' always at odds with others (Gn. 16:12). He is credited with twelve sons, described as 'princes according to their tribes' (Gn. 25:sixteen), representing perhaps an aboriginal confederacy. The Ishmaelites, vagrant traders closely related to the Midianites, were apparently regarded as his descendants. The fact that Ishmael'southward wife and mother are both said to have been Egyptian suggests close ties between the Ishmaelites and Egypt. According to Genesis 25:17, Ishmael lived to the age of 137. Islamic tradition tends to accredit a larger office to Ishmael than does the Bible. He is considered a prophet and, co-ordinate to sure theologians, the offspring whom Abraham was allowable to sacrifice (although surah 37:99-111 of the Qur'an never names that son). Like his father Abraham, Ishmael too played an of import role in making Mecca a religious eye (2:127-129). Judaism has generally regarded him as wicked, although repentance is too ascribed to him. According to some rabbinic traditions, his ii wives were Aisha and Fatima, whose names are the same as those of Muhammad'southward wife and girl. Both Judaism and Islam see him as the ancestor of Arabian peoples.
6. ^ ^{a b} Gigot, Francis (1913). "Ismael". Cosmic Encyclopedia. 8.
7. ^ Genesis sixteen:iii-iv
8. ^ Genesis 16:xi, NJPS.
9. ^ J. William Whedbee (28 May 1998). The Bible and the Comic Vision. Cambridge University Printing. p. 81. ISBN978-0-521-49507-3.
10. ^ "Hagar". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.
11. ^ Genesis 25:2–half-dozen
12. ^ Genesis 21:17–21
13. ^ "Ishmael", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906).
14. ^ Genesis 25:12–18
15. ^ Schaff, Philip, ed. (1880). A Dictionary of the Bible: Including Biography, Natural History, Geography, Topography, Archæology, and Literature. Philadelphia: American Sunday-School Union. p. 494 [p. 502 on–line]. Archived from the original on Jan 22, 2010. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
16. ^ "Mahalath", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906).
17. ^ Genesis 25:ix
18. ^ Genesis 25:17
19. ^ South. Nikaido (2001), p. 1
20. ^ Noble, John Travis. 2013. "Permit Ishmael Live Earlier You!" Finding a Place for Hagar'south Son in the Priestly Tradition. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard Academy.
21. ^
    • Both Judaism and Islam see him every bit the ancestor of Arabian peoples. Jones, Lindsay (2005). Encyclopedia of religion. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN9780028657400.
    • Ishmael is recognized by Muslims as the ancestor of several prominent Arabiantribes and as the forefather of Muhammad. A–Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Wheeler, Ishmael Muslims also believe that Muhammad was the descendant of Ishmael that would establish a great nation, as promised past God in the Old Testament.*Genesis 17:20Zeep, Ira One thousand. (2000). A Muslim primer: beginner's guide to Islam, Volume 2. Academy of Arkansas Press. p. v. ISBN978-1-55728-595-9.
    • Ishmael was considered the ancestor of the Northern Arabs and Muhammad was linked to him through the lineage of the patriarch Adnan. Ishmael may also have been the ancestor of the Southern Arabs through his descendant Qahtan.
    • "Zayd ibn Amr" was another Pre-Islamic figure who refused idolatry and preached monotheism, claiming it was the original conventionalities of their [Arabs] father Ishmael. *The Start and the End by Ibn Kathir – Vol. 3, p. 323 The History past Ibn Khaldun, Vol, 2, p. 4
    • The tribes of Central Westward Arabia called themselves the "people of Abraham and the offspring of Ishmael". The Signs of Prophethood, Section 18, page 215."Signs of Prophethood in the Noble Life of Prophet Muhammad (role 1 of 2): Prophet Muhammad's Early Life – The Organized religion of Islam". Islamreligion.com.
    • Gibb, Hamilton A.R. and Kramers, J.H. (1965). Shorter Encyclopedia of Islam. Ithaca: Cornell Academy Press. pp. 191–98.
    • Maalouf, Tony. Arabs in the Shadow of Israel: The Unfolding of God's Prophetic Program for Ishmael'due south Line. Kregel Bookish. ISBN9780825493638.
    • Urbain, Olivier (2008). Music and Conflict Transformation: Harmonies and Dissonances in Geopolitics. I.B.Tauris. ISBN9781845115289.
22. ^ The Treasury of literature, Sect. 437
23. ^ The Beginning of History, Volume 3, Sect.10
24. ^ Al-Kashf Wa Al-Bayan, Vol. 11, p. 324
25. ^ The Showtime and the End by Ibn Kathir – Vol. 3, p. 323
26. ^ The History past Ibn Khaldun, Vol, ii, p. 4
27. ^ The Signs of Prophethood, Section 18, page 215
28. ^ The Collection of the Speeches of Arabs, volume ane, section 75
29. ^ "Isaac & Ishmael". www.chabad.org . Retrieved 2020-07-22 .
30. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 10. p. 34.
31. ^ Tsedaka, Benyamim, and Sharon Sullivan, eds. The Israelite Samaritan Version of the Torah: First English language Translation Compared with the Masoretic Version. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2013. ISBN 978-0802865199
32. ^ "ISHMAEL". Retrieved 2 October 2015. Ishmael married a Moabitess named 'Adishah or 'Aishah (variants "'Ashiyah" and "'Aifah," Arabic names; Targ. pseudo-Jonathan to Gen. xxi. 21; Pirḳe R. El. l.c.); or, according to "Sefer ha-Yashar" (Wayera), an Egyptian named Meribah or Merisah.
33. ^ Vocalizer, Isidore; Adler, Cyrus (1906). The Jewish Encyclopedia. p. 647. Retrieved 2 Oct 2015. Ishmael married a Moabitess named 'Adishah or 'Aishah (variants "'Ashiyah" and "'Aifah," Standard arabic names; Targ. pseudo-Jonathan to Gen. xxi. 21; Pirḳe R. El. l.c.); or, according to "Sefer ha-Yashar" (Wayera), an Egyptian named Meribah or Merisah.
34. ^ Berlin, Adele (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion (2d ed.). Oxford Academy Press. p. 384. ISBN9780199730049 . Retrieved 2 October 2015. ...In medieval Hebrew usage, Ishmael represents the muslim globe (i.e., the arabs and afterwards the turks)
35. ^ Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2015). "vii". Abraham. ISBN9781467443777 . Retrieved two October 2015. We already know from the basic narrative that Hagar the Egyptian provided an Egyptian wife for her son and an Egyptian girl-in-law for herself (Gen. 21:21). The wife remained nameless, only we know this would non be for long. One proffer in Pirqe de Rabbi Eliezer (The Capacity of Rabbi Eliezer), from the eighth century, written probably nether Islamic rule, is that Ishmael had two wives named Aisha and Fatima, which happen to be the names of Muhammad's wife and daughter, respectively (Pirqe R. El. 30). Rather than coincidence, this could have been a way of emphasizing the close affinity of Islamic peoples with the great prophet and founder. At all events, Ishmael (Isma'il) became the symbol, representative, and patriarch of the Arab peoples in general and, in virtue of his noble descent and Arabian origins, of Islamic peoples...
36. ^ "The Return of Hagar", commentary on Parshah Chayei Sarah, Chabad Lubavitch.
37. ^ "Who Was Ketura?", Bar-Ilan University'southward Parashat Hashavua Study Center, 2003.
38. ^ "Parshat Chayei Sarah" Archived 2008-11-13 at the Wayback Auto, Torah Insights, Orthodox Union, 2002.
39. ^ Bereshit Rabbah 61:4.
40. ^ Adele Berlin; Marc Zvi Brettler (2004). The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 44. ISBN9780195297515.
41. ^ Jeffrey, David L., A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English language Literature, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1992, p. 326 ISBN 0-8028-3634-eight
42. ^ Galatians 4:28–31
43. ^ Encyclopedia of Christianity(Ed. John Bowden), Isaac
44. ^ An invitation to Ishmael by C. George Fry.
45. ^ The Ishmael Promise and Contextualization Among Muslims by Jonathan Culver
46. ^ "Islamic Pedia - Ibrahim (the Prophet) إبراهِيم - عليه السلام". www.islamicencyclopedia.org.
47. ^ "Search the word Ismail in the Quran القران الكريم in English translation by Shakir – Search Quran Koran Qur'an القران الكريم". Searchtruth.com . Retrieved 2017-03-04 .
48. ^ "Search the word ishmael in the Quran القران الكريم in English translation by Pickthal – Search Quran Koran Qur'an القران الكريم". Searchtruth.com . Retrieved 2017-03-05 .
49. ^ Quran 38:48
50. ^ Quran 6:86
51. ^ Quran 2:127–129
52. ^ Quran xiv:35–41
53. ^ Quran 2:136
54. ^ Quran 2:133
55. ^ Quran 37:100–107
56. ^ "Isaac", Encyclopedia of Islam, volume four
57. ^ Glasse, C., "Ishmael", Concise Encyclopedia of Islam
58. ^ Encyclopedia of Islam Volume 4, Ismail
59. ^ Quran 2:127
60. ^ Azraqi, Akhbar Makkah, vol. one, pp. 58–66
61. ^ Chronicles, Tabari, Vol I: From Cosmos to Flood
62. ^ Bahá'u'lláh (1976). Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh. Wilmette, Illinois, U.s.: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. 75–76. ISBN978-0-87743-187-9.
63. ^ Cole, Juan R.I. (1995). "Estimation in the Baháʼí Faith". Bahaʼi Studies Review. v (1).
64. ^ "Concerning the appearance of two Davids; in that location is a Tablet from 'Abdu'fifty-Bahá in which He says that just as there accept been 2 Ishmaels, ane the son of Abraham, and the other i of the Prophets of Israel, in that location accept appeared two Davids, one the writer of the Psalms and begetter of Solomon, and the other before Moses." (Shoghi Effendi, Dawn of a New Mean solar day, pp. 86–87)

Sources [edit]

Books and journals

• Metzger, Bruce Thou; Michael D Coogan (1993). The Oxford Companion To The Bible. Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-0-19-504645-8.
• Nikaido, South. (2001). "Hagar and Ishmael as Literary Figures: An Intertextual Study". Vetus Testamentum. 51 (ii): 219. doi:10.1163/156853301300102110.
• Werblowsky, R.J. Zwi; Geoffrey Wigoder (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of Jewish Faith. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-xix-508605-8.
• Quinn, Daniel (1993). Ishmael . Bantam Dell Pub Group. ISBN978-0-553-56166-one.

Encyclopedias

• Hubert Cancik; Helmuth Schneider, eds. (2005). Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Aboriginal Globe: Artifact. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN978-90-04-12270-3.
• Paul Lagasse; Lora Goldman; Archie Hobson; Susan R. Norton, eds. (2000). The Columbia Encyclopedia (sixth ed.). Gale Group. ISBN978-ane-59339-236-ix.
• John Bowden, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Christianity (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-xix-522393-4.
• P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; West.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Bookish Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
• Lindsay Jones, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference Books. ISBN978-0-02-865733-2 https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2.
• The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated; Rev Ed edition. 2005. ISBN978-1-59339-236-9.
• Jane Dammen McAuliffe, ed. (2005). "Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān". Encyclopedia of the Qur'an. Brill Bookish Publishers. ISBN978-90-04-12356-4.

External links [edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Ishmael .

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ishmael.

• Genealogy from Adam to the Twelve Tribes
• Ishmael in Islam
• The Jewish Encyclopedia: Ishmael.
• Biographical Study on Ishmael
• Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Ismael". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Visitor.
• Ishmael in Bahaʼi Faith

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael

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